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Today's
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April 1, 2026: Wednesday Before Easter:
-- Religion: The History Of Religion: Abrahamic Religions:
Christianity: Lent (Latin: Quadragesima, "Fortieth"):
Holy Week (Holy And Great Week, Passion Week): Holy Wednesday
(Great And Holy Wednesday, Holy And Great Wednesday, Good
Wednesday, Spy Wednesday): The Tenebrae Service, Day One: --
According to the gospels, on this day, the fifth day of Holy Week
in Eastern Christianity -- following after Lazarus Saturday, Palm
Sunday. Holy Monday and Holy Tuesday -- and the fourth day of Holy
Week in Western Christianity, after Palm Sunday, Holy Monday and
Holy Tuesday -- commemorates The Parable Of The Two Debtors, where
Jesus explains the merit and nature of forgiveness as Mary Magdele
performs The Anointing Of Jesus, while prophesying his upcoming
death, and The Bargain Of Judas, when Judas Iscariot become a
clandestine spy and betrayer among the disciples, hence its name
Spy Wednesday. In Western Christianity the day is also known as
Good Wednesday, and many churches of various denominations observe
the Tenebrae Service, held during the three days preceding Easter
Day and characterized by a gradual extinguishing of candles and
the strepitus or "loud noise" in the total darkness at
the end of the service. In Eastern Christianity the day is also
known as Great And Holy Wednesday. In the New Testament accounts
of Holy Week, after Palm Sunday, the Sanhedrin gathered and
plotted to kill Jesus before the Passover Feast; both The Parable
Of The Two Debtors and The Bargain Of Judas are interpreted
according to this imminent death of Jesus. On the Wednesday before
his death, Jesus was in Bethany, in the house of Simon the Leper.
As he sat at the supper table with his disciples, a woman named
Mary anointed Jesus' head and feet with a costly oil in Matthew 26
and Mark 14, identified specifically as of oil of spikenard in
John 12. In Roman Catholic tradition, the woman is identified with
Mary Magdalene, although Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches
generally disagree. James George Frazer's The Golden Bough cites
that precisely this same ritual -- a weeping woman washing a man's
feet at the beginning of a public dinner, then drying it with her
hair, and the anointing of his head and feet with specifically the
oil of spikenard, is a middle eastern royal marriage ritual,
ceremonially re-enacted the for centuries until the late 1800s; as
Jesus was of the Royal House Of David, and Mary Magdalene of the
Royal House Of Maccabees, this has led those who believe that
Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married that this was a wedding
ritual. Furthermore, that the oil used was spikenard -- also
called nard, nardin, and muskroot, a class of aromatic
amber-colored essential oil derived from the Nardostachys
Jatamansi flowering plant of the honeysuckle family that grows in
the Himalaya mountains of Nepal, China, and India -- this has led
some to believe this provides a link that validates the theory
that Jesus had traveled to these places during his "Lost
Years". The Parable Of The Two Debtors, appearing in Luke
7:36-7:50, is told in response to an unspoken reaction to these
events by Jesus' host, who is named Simon (and is sometimes
identified with Simon the Leper): "One of the Pharisees
invited him to eat with him. He entered into the Pharisee's house,
and sat at the table. Behold, a woman in the city who was a
sinner, when she knew that he was reclining in the Pharisee's
house, she brought an alabaster jar of ointment. Standing behind
at his feet weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears, and
she wiped them with the hair of her head, kissed his feet, and
anointed them with the ointment. Now when the Pharisee who had
invited him saw it, he said to himself, 'This man, if he were a
prophet, would have perceived who and what kind of woman this is
who touches him, that she is a sinner.' Jesus answered him,
'Simon, I have something to tell you.' He said, 'Teacher, say on.'
'A certain lender had two debtors. The one owed five hundred
denarii, and the other fifty. When they couldn't pay, he forgave
them both. Which of them therefore will love him most?' Simon
answered, 'He, I suppose, to whom he forgave the most.' He said to
him, 'You have judged correctly.' Turning to the woman, he said to
Simon, 'Do you see this woman? I entered into your house, and you
gave me no water for my feet, but she has wet my feet with her
tears, and wiped them with the hair of her head. You gave me no
kiss, but she, since the time I came in, has not ceased to kiss my
feet. You didn't anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my
feet with ointment. Therefore I tell you, her sins, which are
many, are forgiven, for she loved much. But to whom little is
forgiven, the same loves little.' He said to her, 'Your sins are
forgiven.'" Of the anointing, Jesus' disciples were
indignant, asking why the oil was not instead sold and the money
given to the poor; Matthew 26:6-13: "'Why this waste?' they
asked. 'This perfume could have been sold at a high price and the
money given to the poor.' Aware of this, Jesus said to them, 'Why
are you bothering this woman? She has done a beautiful thing to
me. The poor you will always have with you, but you will not
always have me. When she poured this perfume on my body, she did
it to prepare me for burial. Truly I tell you, wherever this
gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will
also be told, in memory of her.'" John 12:1-8 specifically
identifies Judas Iscariot as the disciple objecting, and declares
his objection as one made by a thief: "But one of his
disciples, Judas Iscariot, who was later to betray him, objected,
'Why wasn't this perfume sold and the money given to the poor? It
was worth a year's wages.' He did not say this because he cared
about the poor but because he was a thief; as keeper of the money
bag, he used to help himself to what was put into it. 'Leave her
alone,' Jesus replied. 'It was intended that she should save this
perfume for the day of my burial. You will always have the poor
among you, but you will not always have me.'" Following these
events, The Bargain Of Judas was made when Judas went to the
Sanhedrin and offered to deliver Jesus to them in exchange for
money, and from this moment on, Judas sought an opportunity to
betray Jesus; Matthew 26:14-16: "Then one of the Twelve --
the one called Judas Iscariot -- went to the chief priests and
asked, 'What are you willing to give me if I deliver him over to
you?' So they counted out for him thirty pieces of silver. From
then on Judas watched for an opportunity to hand him over."
In reference to Judas Iscariot's intent to betray Jesus, formed on
Holy Wednesday, the day is sometimes called "Spy Wednesday".
The word spy, as used in the term, means "ambush, ambuscade,
snare". Additionally, among the disciples, Judas
clandestinely was a spy and Wednesday was the day he chose to
betray Christ. The three-day Tenebrae Service (Tenebrae: Latin for
'Darkness") is characterized by a gradual extinguishing of
candles, and the strepitus or "loud noise" in the total
darkness at the end of the service. Tenebrae was originally a
celebration of matins (also called mattins, a canonical hour
[fixed times of prayer at regular intervals] in Christian liturgy,
originally sung during the darkness of early morning between
midnight and dawn) and lauds (a canonical hour, one of the major
hours, usually held after matins, in the early morning hours
between 3:00:00 and 5:59:59) of the last three days of Holy Week
(Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday) in the evening
of the previous day (Holy Wednesday, Maundy Thursday and Good
Friday) to the accompaniment of special ceremonies that included
the display of lighted candles on a special triangular candelabra.
Modern celebrations called Tenebrae may be of quite different
content and structure, based for example on the Seven Last Words
(the last seven sentences Jesus uttered before his death) or
readings of the Passion Of Jesus (the short final period before
the death of Jesus). They may be held on only one day of Holy
Week, especially Spy Wednesday (Holy Wednesday). They may be held
during the daylight hours and the number of candles, if used, may
vary. Tenebrae liturgical celebrations of this kind now exist in
the Catholic Church's Latin liturgical rites, Lutheranism,
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April 1, 2026: Religion: The History Of Religion: Abrahamic Religions: Judaism: The History Of Judaism: Moses: The Law of Moses (Hebrew: Torat Moshe) (The Mosaic Law): The Three Annual Festivals (The Three Pilgrimage Festivals [Hebrew: Shalosh Regalim, "Three Journeys By Foot, Three Pilgrimages"]): The Festival Of Unleavened Bread (Passover [Hebrew: Pesach]): Pesach Seder: -- In Exodus 23:14 of the Torah, Moses recounts what he had been commanded by THE LORD to convey to his people: "Each year you must celebrate three festivals in my honor." Of the first of these festivals, it goes on to say in Exodus 23:15: "First, celebrate The Festival Of Unleavened Bread. For seven days the bread you eat must be made without yeast, just as I commanded you. Celebrate this festival annually at the appointed time in early spring, in the month of Abib, for that is the anniversary of your departure from Egypt. No one may appear before me without an offering." Abib, meaning "Green Ears (of Grain)", is the original name of the first month of the Jewish sacred calendar, running from mid-March to mid-April in the Gregorian calendar. After the Jews' return from Babylon, the month was renamed Nisan, and The Festival Of Unleavened Bread became known as Passover (Hebrew: Pesach), beginning with a ritual feast known as the Pesach Seder on the first day of Passover, and ending one week later with the Yom Tov holidays (one day if in Israel, two days outside of it), one of six biblically mandated festival dates on which all activities prohibited on Shabbat are prohibited, except for some related to food preparation. Passover occurs the night of the paschal full moon after the 14th of Nisan, eve of the 15th, in the Hebrew and the Babylonian calendars, telling the story of the exodus, and remembering how the angel of death "passed over" the houses of the Israelites during the tenth plague on Egypt. It begins Feast of Unleavened Bread that continues through the 22nd of Nisan, and is one of three pilgrimage festivals in which all Jewish males living in the land of Israel are obliged. On the 16th of Nisan, Jews begin the Counting Of The Omer, an important verbal counting of each of the forty-nine days (seven weeks) of the the grain harvest, and the First Fruits Festival memorial offering of the barley harvest, celebrating the end of the grain harvest - variously known as the Feast Of Weeks, Shavuot and Pentecost in Mosaic Law (Hebrew Bible: Deuteronomy 16:9-12, Leviticus 23:10-16) - or in the varying current Jewish holidays traditions, the period between the Passover or Feast of Unleavened Bread, and Shavuot. When the Temple in Jerusalem stood, the paschal lamb was offered and eaten on Passover eve, while the wave offering of barley was offered on the second day of the festival. Nowadays, in addition to the biblical prohibition of owning leavened foods for the duration of the holiday, the Passover seder is one of the most widely observed rituals in Judaism. In the Diaspora the unleavened bread is celebrated for 8 days, based an important concept in Halakha (Hebrew: "Jewish Law"), Yom Tov Sheni Shel Galuyo (Hebrew: "The Second Festival Day In The Diaspora"), the observance of an extra day of Jewish holidays outside of the Land of Israel. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/teinjearkofc.html |
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Today's
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April 1: Mathematics And Statistics
Awareness Month: -- The first day of the annual month-long
celebration to increase the public understanding of math and
stats. A nerd's dream - the month also celebrates mathematics and
statistics for their unique role in solving critical real-world
problems. The month has evolved from a week-long dedication to the
promotion of math as a discipline, introduced by an official
proclamation of President Ronald Reagan in 1986. If you're
interested in pursuing math, here are mathematics scholarships
that may help you do that. Since 2017, the central theme of the
awareness month celebrates the leading figures in the field for
their contributions to solving the glaring problems in our lives.
Mathematics and Statistics Awareness Month is observed in April to
increase appreciation and understanding of the importance of the
diverse and indispensable fields of mathematics and statistics.
Before 1880, much of American recorded history had nothing to show
for its contribution to the development of mathematics. While math
colleges were cropping up at every corner, the nation had produced
few distinguished mathematicians. A lack of both new inventions
and notable leadership in the field gave birth to the
encouragement of mathematical education at the primary level of
schools. The holiday came into existence with the swipe of the
presidential pen. To promote enrollment in mathematics programs at
all levels of schooling, President Ronald Reagan proclaimed the
third week of April as Mathematics Awareness Week. In 1999, the
observation was extended to a month. Today, the Joint Policy Board
for Mathematics (J.P.B.M.) - shares a collective effort with the
Mathematical Association of America, the American Mathematical
Society, the American Statistical Association, and the Society for
Industrial and Applied Mathematics. The month-long celebration
also aims to recognize mathematics and statistical analysis in
data collection that can boost social welfare and public health.
It is an opportunity for mathematics and statisticians from around
the country to share their recent findings with the public. The
understanding of math and stats is integral to our life. The
subjects are key to many necessities, such as sustainable living,
energy, biotechnology, climate change, business, disease control,
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April 1 (March 32; see below): April
Fools' Day (All Fools' Day): -- A day where many of us unleash our
most creative sides, all in a hilarious - sometimes over the top -
attempt at bamboozling those around us. Why do we do this, and
where did it start? Well there surprisingly isn't a concrete
conclusion by historians. We'll explore the possibilities below,
but nevertheless, every spring we all put on our pranking caps to
plan out the most devious and diabolical, yet safe and playful
pranks we can think of, making this 24 hours possibly the most
fun, exciting, and anxiety-filled day of the year! Today, pranking
on April Fools' Day has transcended the confinements of the first
day of April to become a year-round internet phenomenon. Thousands
of videos on the most popular internet sites emerge everyday,
pushing the pranking limit to sometimes dangerous territories. We
do NOT condone this and below we'll illustrate how to allow this
holiday to remain true to what it was meant to be - safe, and
well, hilarious! There's no consensus on how it all began, but a
popular theory is that while nowadays, January 1 is when we start
the new year, this wasn't the case before 1592. We used a calendar
called the Julian calendar - created by Julius Caesar in 45 BC -
which saw every new year begin on April 1! Crazy, we know. Pope
Gregory the 8th created a new method for keeping track of days,
which was the start of the calendar we all know and love - the
Gregorian calendar. When he moved the date of New Year's Eve it
obviously took some time for everyone to catch on to it. Those who
were a bit behind the times still celebrated on April 1, and were
considered fools for doing so. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote "March
32" in his 1392 book "The Canterbury Tales", a
prank which some argue gave birth to April Fools' Day. Without
much context and being dated so far back, some believe it to be a
joke, dawning this annual tradition, while some say it's none
other than a misprint. Whether we have Gregory the 8th or Geoffrey
Chaucer to thank for April Fools' Day, it has existed for
centuries and will continue to cause a flurry of creativity and
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April 1: Fossil Fools Day: -- Coincides
with April Fools' Day, hence, the wordplay. This day was created
to raise awareness about environmental concerns as a result of the
burning of fossil fuels. Although they are a cheap and available
source of energy, fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide in massive
amounts. This is hazardous for our environment. While some are
aware of its negative effects, many are ignorant of the ways
fossil fuels deteriorate our planet. The purpose behind Fossil
Fools Day is to impart knowledge about alternative energy sources
and to request people's support for shaping a sustainable future.
Fossil Fools Day came into existence in 2004 when Canadian and
American students decided to play strategic pranks centered around
climate change. The day coincides with April Fools' Day and this
is how the kids got the idea of playing pranks. The students made
unpleasant demonstrations of dangers resulting from fossil fuel
production and emission. A few examples are presenting a mock oil
spill at a public fountain, dressing up as hospital patients
deformed by gas leakage, meandering an inflatable black pipe
through the streets as a way of opposing the proposed oil pipeline
between the U.S. and Canada, and so on. These demonstrations were
carried out on university campuses and high school grounds for the
public to witness. The motive behind it was to inform people of
the harmful impact of fossil fuels on the atmosphere. This was
also an indirect way of seeking attention from legislative bodies
in the vicinity and pushing them to enact stricter laws against
fossil fuel exploitation. Through the demonstrations, the students
pointed fingers at major carbon emitters, like the C.E.O.s of oil
and natural gas companies, government leaders, and legislators who
push for drilling projects, construction of pipelines, fracking,
e.t.c. These are the 'Fossil Fools' that the day refers to. And
who can better enact the stupidity of these fools than college
students and high schoolers? The reason for this day is not just
about student displays and mock protests. As responsible citizens,
each of us needs to do our bit to save our planet from decaying.
Make simple lifestyle changes like ditching cars and riding bikes,
reducing screen timing, using solar-powered lights, cooking with
wind energy, and the like. Following these green techniques to
lead a life free of fossil fuels is a great contribution without
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Today's
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April 1: St. Stupid Day: -- Celebrated
annually in San Francisco, a Californian city known for its
wonderful holidays that can satisfy even the most demanding of
tourists. On this day, those who want to gather in San Francisco
to visit the famous Fool's Day Parade, show off their unusual
silly costumes, and have fun together with other fools during the
silliest walk of all. The public is encouraged to get into the
spirit of things, that is, to behave like fools, whether in the
street or in elegant colonial costumes. Act as foolishly as
possible on the day that celebrates silliness. St. Stupid Day was
started in 1979 by Ed Holmes, a member of the San Francisco Mime
Troupe, who is also Bishop Joey of the First Church of the Last
Laughter. It was based on the belief that one of the unifying
characteristics of society is stupidity. According to the First
Church of the Last Laughter, "the only thing that unites
species in all their differences in color, religion, nationality,
zip code, and beverage preference is stupidity." St. Stupid
Day is centered around the St. Stupid Day Parade. It is a unique
opportunity to allow yourself to behave utterly foolishly for a
while. You are encouraged to wear silly clothes and shout stupid
slogans, with no worries that someone will condemn you or arrest
you for hooliganism. The parade begins at noon and passes through
the financial district of San Francisco, the city's business
center. Generally, St. Stupid's Day Parade is accompanied by
drummers, horn players, and various chants. Highlights of this fun
event include the absurd game of losing lottery tickets at the
Federal Reserve headquarters, tossing coins at the Banker's Heart
sculpture as a tribute to the city's trade temples, and exchanging
socks at the Pacific Stock Exchange. There is also a "leap of
faith" where parade participants close their eyes, jump, and
believe that the Earth will still be there when they land. Only a
dozen or two people participated in the first parade, but now
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April 1: National Fun Day: -- A special
unwind-your-mind-and-body day to relax and have fun, putting all
the stress and routine work in the backseat for the whole day. Did
you know that National Fun Day is closely related to April Fool's
Day? Yes, the concept of National Fun Day and April Fool's Day is
pretty much the same: they both aim to bring fun into your
mundane, routine life and they both fall on the same date - . So,
what is this National Fun Day all about? Read on to find out. Let
us be honest. Amid our busy and stressful lives, we all need some
unstructured fun once in a while. We need to give our minds and
bodies a little break and take a moment to appreciate our life and
relax a bit. National Fun Day is a perfect excuse for that. But
when and how did the National Fun Day celebration start? The
origin isn't clear, but most people believe that the day evolved
from the bigger holiday, April Fool's Day. One possible connection
is that both days are celebrated in honor of the trick Mother
Nature plays on us this time of the year with her unpredictable
weather. There are also a few other possibilities that this day
also falls close to the fun Indian festival known as Holi, a
festival of colors, and the Roman festival of Hilaria, which was
celebrated on March 25. National Fun Day aims to give everybody
the chance to relax, get a little silly, and break away from the
boring school and work routines to help us remember what a
peaceful and fun life is all about. This is crucial because, in
today's high-speed and fast-moving world, the constant pressure to
get more done and to go farther can suck away the very little joy
we have in our lives. National Fun Day is a reminder to have fun,
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April 1: International Fun At Work Day:
-- What other day are we going to get the chance to party and work
at the same time? While we are firm believers in loving what we do
and doing what we love, we acknowledge the fact that the
repetitive daily grind of the same type of work - even the work we
are passionate about - can get extremely boring. This type of
monotony can lead to frequent burnouts, which is not at all
healthy, both mentally and physically. International Fun at Work
Day ensures work colleagues have the added element of fun as they
go about their daily tasks. Apparently, fun days go hand-in-hand
because International Fun at Work Day coincides with April Fools.
Thinking of creating a fun environment in your professional
setting on International Fun at Work Day? Don't worry, we got you
covered with some brilliant ideas that you can directly implement
or take inspiration from. For now, let's take a brief trip down
memory lane to learn more about the fun day. The first
International Fun at Work Day was celebrated back in 1996 by a
company called Playfair. Playfair's owners, who were running a
business of bringing fun to academic induction ceremonies,
believed that employees having a fun and relaxed environment are
more productive and effective in their assignments as compared to
employees who have a rigid workplace. This approach not only led
to higher sales and profit levels for PlayFair, but it also went
on to make them a recognized and much-sought-after company in the
industry. Countless studies have shown that companies that
prioritize their employees' well-being have seen higher
productivity levels. Moreover, human beings are social animals
that require constant change to prompt inspiration. If no new
stimulations exist in their surroundings, there's a risk of the
same cycle of ideas being repeated. While International Fun at
Work Day does take place every April 1, if, by chance, the day
falls on a weekend, then the celebrations are shifted to the first
Thursday of April. Because, of course, you cannot have fun at work
if you are not working that day. We hope you are making
preparations to commemorate the occasion. Since many of us are
working from home now, there might be new challenges to how you
can celebrate the occasion with your colleagues. But don't let
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April 1: World Reading Is Funny Day: -- A
day aimed at rekindling a passion for reading among the younger
generations. Technological advancement and the advent of
ever-interesting shows on screen have made reading seem rather
boring and old-fashioned for kids. Hence, Reading is Funny Day is
a perfect time to reintroduce your young ones to the reading
culture by gifting them or reading to them a book that catches
their young reader's attention with a giggle or two. To understand
Reading is Funny Day, we must first look into the first book ever
written, which originates from the Mesopotamia era. During this
time, markings were made on clay tablets in scripts known as
'cuneiforms.' The art of writing was developed around 5400 B.C.,
with the first literary work being "Kesh Temple Hymn."
The oldest records of jokes were traced back to 1900 B.C. The
first extant joke book is the "Philogelos," translated
as "Laughter-Lover." It contained 265 jokes written in
crude ancient Greek dating back to the fourth or fifth century
A.D. The invention of the printing press in 1439 A.D. made it
possible to have more copies of books in print. The first-ever
written children's book was "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book,"
by John Newbey, in 1744. Since then, thousands of books have been
published that can help ignite a passion for reading in youngsters
- from "The Monster at the End of this Book" by Jon
Stone to "Interrupting Chicken" by David Ezra Stein. The
course of time has provided us with a vast repertoire of
children's funny books to choose from when selecting the perfect
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April 1: National Greeting Card Day: --
We can't wait to send a greeting card in honor of today! Greeting
cards are a sweet and thoughtful way to let your loved ones know
that you're thinking about them. The custom of giving greeting
cards dates back centuries. It began with the ancient Chinese, who
would exchange messages of goodwill for the New Year. Early
Egyptians exchanged greetings on papyrus scrolls, and soon after,
handmade paper greeting cards were traded in Europe. The Germans
were the first to print New Year's greeting cards on woodcuts. By
the mid-15th century, Europeans were also exchanging Valentine's
Day greeting cards. The oldest Valentine, in fact, may be
discovered in the British Museum. It was written by Charles Duke
of Orleans to his wife, Bonne of Armagnac, who was imprisoned in
the Tower of London. By the 1950s, the greeting card had changed
from a handmade, expensive gift to an economical means of
communication, thanks to advances in printing technology and lower
shipping costs. This was followed by new trends such as Christmas
cards, which were first made in London. Companies such as Marcus
Ward & Co, Goodall, and Charles Bennett began mass-producing
greeting cards and hired well-known artists like Kate Greenaway
and Walter Crane as illustrators. Since then, greeting cards have
continued to evolve and become more accessible and easily
available. They now come in a wide variety of styles, from
electronic to musical. National Greeting Card Day is a day to
honor these adorable little masterpieces that have become
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April 1: National Trombone Players Day:
-- Celebrated internationally on April 1 as well as nationally,
the day recognizes trombone players and anyone who loves a good
tune driven by the trombone. This jazzy musical instrument belongs
to the brass family. Sound is produced when the player's mouth
causes the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Trombones
are defined by a telescoping slide mechanism that makes them
different from other brass instruments. National Trombone Players
Day is marked with performances by student ensembles, exhibitors,
and world-class artists in concerts, master classes, and
competitions. Discover your hidden trombone talents on this
memorable day. The trombone dates back to the 15th century. It was
developed from the trumpet and up until 1700 was known as the
sackbut. Like a trumpet, a trombone has a cylindrical bore flared
to a bell. However, compared to a trumpet, the mouthpiece of the
trombone is large in accordance with its deeper musical register
and parabolic cross-section. It is the only brass instrument that
can easily play all possible pitches. The slide is made of two
parallel and stationary inner tubes with thick lower ends. The
outer tubes are moveable. The two sets of tubes are moved in and
out of the player's right hand to control the pitch. The other
half of the trombone, known as the bell joint, passes over the
player's left shoulder. This helps counterbalance the weight of
the slide. The bend may even have a tuning slide. The valve
trombone has three valves with an immovable slide and is used
mainly by jazz players. The player presses the valves to change
the pitch. Trombones from the 16th century may differ considerably
from 20th-century models. You'll notice the difference in small
but narrow bells and details of craftsmanship. Back in the 16th
century, trombones were extensively used in polyphonic music. They
were built in alto, tenor, and bass pitches. You can still enjoy
the old arrangement in the trombone trio of a classical orchestra.
The first National Trombone Players Day was celebrated in 2010 to
encourage more people to play the trombone. Some of the most
famous trombone players of all time are Glenn Miller, Tommy
Dorsey, Willie Colon, Dicky Wells, Kid Ory, JJ Johnson, Albert
Mangelsdorff, and Jack Teagarden. If you are a trombone player,
you are in the august company of some of the greatest musicians to
have ever lived. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Music
Documentaries III Video Pioneers Tom Waits Turtles DVD, MP4, USB
April 1, 2021: Devo Day: -- Akron, Ohio
observes Devo Day to help the pioneering New Wave band in their
bid to enter the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame later this same year.
Devo, which formed in Akron in the early Seventies, is on the
ballot this year alongside Tina Turner, Carole King, Foo Fighters,
Rage Against the Machine, and other rock giants. To celebrate Devo
Day, Akron is creating an interactive storefront window and has
recruited Jack Black, Fred Armisen, Tony Hawk, and the Goodyear
Blimp to play a role in the promotion. Fifty Energy Dome
Sculptures modeled after the group's iconic red headwear will also
appear at random locations around the town. "The City of
Akron has an unbelievable sense of pride, especially when it
involves the success of our people," Akron Mayor Dan Horrigan
said in a statement. "We are, and will continue to be,
immensely proud to be the home of Devo and will be rallying this
great community to help them achieve the recognition they
deserve." Devo has been largely dormant in recent years as
frontman Mark Mothersbaugh has focused his attention on his career
as a composer of film and television scores. But they are
contemplating at least one more tour once the pandemic is over,
even though Mothersbaugh is, at best, ambivalent about the idea,
"It's like putting on your high school cheerleading outfit
and going out and doing the songs again," he told Rolling
Stone in 2020, before the news broke of their Hall of Fame
nomination. "On one hand, when I'm out there on stage, I love
playing them. But on the other hand, the whole thing seems like,
'Well, yes, That's what I did when I was 20. I'm 70. Let's move
on.' But I'm sure there will be more shows somewhere down the
line. Also, who knows, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame might
begrudgingly let Devo in, so that'll give us an excuse to get
together." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Abraham
Lincoln Documentaries Set MP4 Video Download Or DVD
April 1: National One Cent Day: -- Penny
For Your Thoughts Day! A day for remembering the iconic historical
moments that have shaped the U.S.. Time teaches important lessons
in the shape of events that have been archived in the pages of
history. It is crucial to always remember history in the present
for a better future - after all, history plays an important role
in molding the identity of a place. In the case of National One
Cent Day, which honors a major point in the establishment of the
American currency, the story begins in the times of Benjamin
Franklin all the way to Abraham Lincoln. Did you know, the
one-cent coin used to be called the Flowing Hair dollar because of
the image of the Statue of Liberty on it? Back in 1787, the U.S.
issued the first one-cent coin, designed by Benjamin Franklin. On
one side, the coin read "Mind Your Business", and on the
other side, "We Are One". Unlike today's one-cent coins,
Franklin's design was made entirely of copper and was also bigger.
It went on to be called the Fugio Cent or the Franklin Cent. These
coins were handcrafted and minted by workers without the use of
machines. But in 1792, when the United States Minting was
established, a proposal for a new coin design was submitted. By
1793, on April 1, the new one-cent coin was introduced into the
market. These new coins were a symbol of the Statue of Liberty.
One side depicted an image of a lady with flowing hair, and the
other side showed 13 chains representing the 13 colonies. As years
went by, the coin's size was reduced to make it easier to handle.
The coin went on to see several other design changes, from an
eagle wreath and the head of an American Indian to President
Lincoln's face. The metals it was made from also changed from
being 100% copper to being 97.5% zinc and only 2.5% copper. So,
there you have it. While a one-cent coin can make you feel rich or
poor depending on the context, one thing is for sure, and that is
people have been celebrating the day to remember the coin's rich
history and its importance in the U.S.A.'s development. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Making
Sense Of The Sixties TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
April 1: Boomer Bonus Days: -- Don't know
what Boomer Bonus Day is? Have you ever been to a store and see a
senior citizen get a discount on the first day of April? That
store is celebrating Baby Boomers. These are people who were born
between 1946 and 1964. The population size of Boomers is estimated
to be about 71.6 million in the U.S., making up about 21.45% of
the population. This generation deserves to be treated specially
because they have had a significant impact on the U.S. economy.
The term "Boomer" is derived from the boom in births
that took place after the return of soldiers from World War II.
Baby boomers got their name from the spike of births that happened
soon after World War II was finished. Let's just say the entire
world was really happy that the war was over. When news spread
that the war was over, celebrations erupted across the U.S. On
September 2, 1945, the formal surrender documents were signed
aboard the USS Missouri and so designated the day as the official
Victory over Japan Day. Most Boomers are children of either the
Greatest Generation or the Silent Generation and are often parents
of late Gen Xers and Millennials. Some late Boomers can give birth
to Generation Z as well. Due to the period Baby Boomers were born,
they experienced different reforms culturally and politically. In
China, during the time of the Great Leap Forward, the Chinese
Communist Party (CCP) encouraged people to have lots of children
as it believed a growing labor force was needed for significant
national development along socialist lines. China's baby-boom
cohort was the largest in the world, with lots of children being
born after World War II. According to journalist and photographer
Howard French, many Chinese neighborhoods were disproportionately
filled with the elderly by the mid-2010s. The Chinese referred to
them as referred as a "lost generation". They grew up
during the Cultural Revolution when higher education was
discouraged and most people were sent to the countryside for
political reasons. They were also subject to China's one-child
policy and so there is a disparity in the size of them and the
next generation. Most Boomers are retired now and so Generation X
and Millenials are replacing them in the workforce. This makes
Boomer Bonus Day significant as it is used to appreciate them. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: War Jets:
The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress DVD, MP4 Download, USB Stick
April 1: U.S. Air Force Academy Day: -- A
day established to honor the historic milestones and remarkable
achievements of predecessors of the U.S. Air Force Academy,
established April 1, 1954 in El Paso County, Colorado. All
officers who serve in the Air Force are educated at the Air Force
Academy. The event, also known as Founders Day, is celebrated by
the cadets and personnel with a variety of special ceremonies and
celebrations. Read on and learn more about this amazing arm of the
U.S. military. After it was determined that an air force academy
was required, the U.S. Congress passed legislation in 1954 to
commence the building of the Air Force Academy site. President
Dwight D. Eisenhower established the academy on the first of
April, 1945, even though the permanent site had not yet been
finished. On July 11, 1955, the pioneer Class of 1959 was sworn in
at a temporary site at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver, and the
academy's dedication ceremony was held on that first day and was
carried live on national television. Interestingly, renowned
Hollywood film director Cecil B. DeMille designed the costume for
the cadets. The Cadet Honor Code was approved by the inaugural
class, and the 'Falcon' was chosen as the Academy's mascot. On
August 29, 1958, the wing of 1,145 cadets relocated to the current
location outside Colorado Springs, and the Academy was accredited
less than a year later. On June 3, 1959, the first class of the
U.S. Air Force graduated and was inducted. The Vietnam War was the
first time that academy graduates fought and died in a war. As a
result, it had a significant impact on the formation of the
academy's character. Due to the increased demand for pilots,
academy enrolment increased dramatically during this period. The
size of the graduating classes increased from 217 in 1961 to 745
in 1970. Since President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the
academy on April 1, 1954, it has continuously produced leaders of
character who embody courage, humility, and a commitment to serve
others before themselves. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Cigarette Commercials 1950s-70s Film Collection DVD, MP4, USB
Stick
April 1: -- Take Down Tobacco National
Day Of Action: -- April 1, 1970: Smoking: Tobacco Smoking: Tobacco
Packaging Warning Messages: Cigarette Marketing (Nicotine
Marketing): Cigarette Commercials: The Public Health Cigarette
Smoking Act: -- President Richard Nixon signs The Public Health
Cigarette Smoking Act into law, requiring the Surgeon General's
warnings on tobacco products and banning cigarette advertising on
television and radio in the United States, effective January 1,
1971. The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act is a 1970 federal
law in the United States designed to limit the practice of
smoking. As approved by the United States Congress, the act
required a stronger health warning on cigarette packages, saying
"Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined that Cigarette
Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health". It also banned
cigarette advertisements on American radio and television. The
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was one of the major bills
resulting from the 1964 report by the Surgeon General, Luther
Terry. The report found that lung cancer and chronic bronchitis
are causally related to cigarette smoking. Congress previously
passed the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act in 1965;
requiring that all cigarette packages sold in the United States
carry a health warning. But after a recommendation by the Federal
Trade Commission, the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act amended
the 1965 law so that the warnings are made in the name of the
Surgeon General. One of the major advocates of the cigarette
advertising ban was the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC
argued that since the topic of smoking is controversial, numerous
TV and radio stations continued to break the Fairness Doctrine
when airing these commercials because they did not give equal time
to the opposing viewpoint that smoking is dangerous. Passage in
Congress: On June 17, 1969, the 91st Congress debated in House.
The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was created because H.R.
6543 was set to expire on July 1, 1975. The purpose of H.R. 6543
was to create a warning label on cigarette packages. Before H.R.
6543 was set to expire, many people such as the Surgeon General
wanted to create a stronger warning label. The bill required
cigarette packages to be labeled the following, "Warning, The
Surgeon General has determined that cigarette smoking is dangerous
to your health and may cause lung cancer or other diseases."
During the debate, there were ongoing arguments. For example, the
tobacco growers argued that they grow tobacco, not cancer. The
tobacco company and growers were scared that they were going to be
put out of business and the health department was scared more
people would die from cigarette smoking. On, December 12, 1969,
The Senate debated, amended, and passed the bill. During the
debate, a chart was shown, depicting the correlation between death
rates and cigarette smoking. The chart showed that the death rate
goes up as the number of cigarettes smoked increases. The Public
Health Cigarette Smoking Act not only banned cigarette commercials
from airing on the radio and television, and strengthened the
health warning label on cigarette packages, but according to the
CDC, The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act also bans states or
localities from promoting cigarette advertising for health related
reasons. The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was introduced
into Congress in 1969 as H.R. 6543, but it was not until April 1,
1970, when U.S. President Richard Nixon signed it into law. The
actual cigarette advertising ban did not come into force until
January 2, 1971, as per a compromise that allowed broadcasters to
air these commercials during their telecasts of college football
bowl games on New Year's Day. The last cigarette ad on U.S.
television, advertising Virginia Slims, was carried on the last
possible legal minute at 11:59 p.m ET/PT, 10:59 p.m. CT/MT that
evening on NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. In 1981,
the FTC reported that the health warning labels as mandated by the
Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act had little effect on U.S.
smoking habits. Congress therefore passed the Comprehensive
Smoking Education Act of 1984, requiring more specific health
warnings. The tobacco industry has begun to use a variety of other
marketing tools and strategies to influence people and attract new
customers. In particular, ads targeted to adolescents affect their
perceptions on the image and function of smoking. In 1991, the
Journal of the American Medical Association published a study
showing that more children aged 5 and 6 years old, could recognize
Camel cigarettes' Joe Camel mascot than Mickey Mouse or Fred
Flintstone. Camel increased its adolescent customer base
dramatically, from less than 1% before 1988 to more than 13% in
1993. Tobacco sought protection from Congress so they could all
leave broadcasting together without violating any anti-trust laws.
The only lawsuit that followed was from a broadcaster in an effort
to keep tobacco advertising on television and radio. The law also
affected advertising revenues on television and radio stations,
along with the current imposition of Financial Interest and
Syndication Rules and the Prime Time Access Rule, which also both
took effect in 1971. NBC responded by pushing its broadcast day
later into the overnight, adding shows such as The Midnight
Special and Snyder's Tomorrow to open up further advertising
inventory. The law affected television network's decisions to
change of the standard length of a television commercial from one
minute to thirty seconds, in order to draw more advertisers and
more advertising dollars. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Disraeli:
Portrait Of A Romantic TV Miniseries DVD Download USB Drive
April 1, 1815: #BOTD: Otto von Bismarck,
German lawyer and politician, conservative Prussian statesman who
dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890,
first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890 (d.
July 30 1898) is #born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck at
Schoenhausen, a noble family estate west of Berlin in Saxony,
Kingdom of Prussia. Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of
Bismarck-Schonhausen, Duke of Lauenburg was appointed in 1862 by
King Wilhelm I as Minister President of Prussia, a position he
would hold until 1890, with the exception of a short break in
1873. He provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark,
Austria, and France. Following the win against Austria, he
abolished the supranational German Confederation and instead
formed the North German Confederation as the first German national
state in 1867, leading it as Federal Chancellor. This aligned the
smaller North German states behind Prussia. Later receiving the
support of the independent South German states in the
Confederation's defeat of France, he formed the German Empire in
1871, unifying Germany with himself as Imperial Chancellor, while
retaining control of Prussia at the same time. The new German
nation excluded Austria, which had been Prussia's main opponent
for predominance among the German states. With that accomplished
by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain
Germany's position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and
war scares, remained at peace. For historian Eric Hobsbawm, it was
Bismarck who "remained undisputed world champion at the game
of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after
1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to
maintaining peace between the powers". However, his
annexation of Alsace-Lorraine gave new fuel to French nationalism
and promoted Germanophobia in France. This helped set the stage
for the First World War. Bismarck's diplomacy of realpolitik and
powerful rule at home gained him the nickname the "Iron
Chancellor". German unification and its rapid economic growth
was the foundation to his foreign policy. He disliked colonialism
but reluctantly built an overseas empire when it was demanded by
both elite and mass opinion. Juggling a very complex interlocking
series of conferences, negotiations and alliances, he used his
diplomatic skills to maintain Germany's position and used the
balance of power to keep Europe at peace in the 1870s and 1880s. A
master of complex politics at home, Bismarck created the first
welfare state in the modern world, with the goal of gaining
working class support that might otherwise go to his Socialist
enemies. In the 1870s, he allied himself with the Liberals (who
were low-tariff and anti-Catholic) and fought the Catholic Church
in what was called the Kulturkampf ("culture struggle").
He lost that battle as the Catholics responded by forming a
powerful Centre party and using universal male suffrage to gain a
bloc of seats. Bismarck then reversed himself, ended the
Kulturkampf, broke with the Liberals, imposed protective tariffs,
and formed a political alliance with the Centre Party to fight the
Socialists. A devout Lutheran, he was loyal to his king, who
argued with Bismarck but in the end supported him against the
advice of his wife and his heir. While the Reichstag, Germany's
parliament, was elected by universal male suffrage, it did not
have much control of government policy. Bismarck distrusted
democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy
with power in the hands of a traditional Junker elite that
consisted of the landed nobility in eastern Prussia. Under Wilhelm
I, Bismarck largely controlled domestic and foreign affairs, until
he was removed by the young Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890, at the age
of seventy-five. Bismarck, a Junker himself, was strong-willed,
outspoken and overbearing, but he could also be polite, charming
and witty. Occasionally he displayed a violent temper, and he kept
his power by melodramatically threatening resignation time and
again, which cowed Wilhelm I. He possessed not only a long-term
national and international vision but also the short-term ability
to juggle complex developments. As the leader of what historians
call "revolutionary conservatism", Bismarck became a
hero to German nationalists; they built many monuments honoring
the founder of the new Reich. Many historians praise him as a
visionary who was instrumental in uniting Germany and, once that
had been accomplished, kept the peace in Europe through adroit
diplomacy. Jonathan Steinberg, a 2011 biographer of Bismarck,
wrote that he was "a political genius of a very unusual kind
[whose success] rested on several sets of conflicting
characteristics among which brutal, disarming honesty mingled with
the wiles and deceits of a confidence man. He played his parts
with perfect self-confidence, yet mixed them with rage, anxiety,
illness, hypochrondria, and irrationality. ... He used democracy
when it suited him, negotiated with revolutionaries and the
dangerous Ferdinand Lassalle, the socialist who might have
contested his authority. He utterly dominated his cabinet
ministers with a sovereign contempt and blackened their
reputations as soon as he no longer needed them. He outwitted the
parliamentary parties, even the strongest of them, and betrayed
all those ... who had put him into power. By 1870 even his closest
friends ... realized that they had helped put a demonic figure
into power.". Otto Von Bismarck died from a complex of
chronic illnesses such as untreated gangrene just after midnight
at the age of 83 in Friedrichsruh, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia,
German Empire, where he is entombed in the Bismarck Mausoleum. He
was succeeded as Prince Bismarck by his eldest son, Herbert.
Bismarck managed a posthumous acrimonious snub of Emperor (Kaiser)
Wilhelm II by having his own sarcophagus inscribed with the words,
"A loyal German servant of Emperor Wilhelm I". On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Robert E.
Lee Documentaries DVD, MP4 Video Dowload, USB Flash Drive
April 1, 1865: The American Civil War
(The Civil War, The War Between The States): The Eastern Theater
Of The American Civil War: The Battle Of Five Forks: --
Confederate troops of Gen. George Pickett are defeated at Five
Forks, Virginia by Union troops led by Philip Sheridan, which cut
the Army of Northern Virginia's last supply line. This sealed the
fate of Gen. Robert E. Lee's armies at Petersburg and Richmond and
hastened the end of the war. The Battle of Five Forks was fought
southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, around the road junction of
Five Forks, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, during the end of the
Richmond-Petersburg Campaign (sometimes called the Siege of
Petersburg) and in the beginning stage of the Appomattox Campaign
near the conclusion of the American Civil War. A mobile task force
of combined infantry, artillery and cavalry from the Union Army
commanded by Major General Philip Sheridan defeated a Confederate
States Army combined task force from the Army of Northern Virginia
commanded by Major General George Pickett. The Union force
inflicted over 1,000 casualties on the Confederates and took
between 2,400 and 4,000 prisoners while seizing Five Forks, the
key to control of the South Side Railroad (sometimes shown as
Southside Railroad), a vital Confederate supply line to, and
retreat line from, Petersburg. The Appomattox Campaign was a
series of American Civil War battles fought from March 29 to April
9, 1865 in Virginia that concluded with the surrender of
Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to
forces of the Union Army (Army of the Potomac, Army of the James
and Army of the Shenandoah) under the overall command of
Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. In the following eleven weeks
after Lee's surrender, the American Civil War ended as other
Confederate armies surrendered and Confederate government leaders
were captured or fled the country. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Rachmaninoff: Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom DVD, MP4, USB Drive
April 1, 1873: #BOTD: #HBD! Sergei
Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist, composer, and conductor of the late
Romantic period (d. March 28, 1943) is #born Sergei Vasilievich
Rachmaninoff into a family of Russian aristocracy in Semyonovo,
Staraya Russa, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire. Sergei
Rachmaninoff's works are among the most popular in the romantic
repertoire. Born into a musical family, Rachmaninoff took up the
piano at age four. He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in
1892 and had composed several piano and orchestral pieces by this
time. In 1897, following the critical reaction to his Symphony No.
1, Rachmaninoff entered a four-year depression and composed little
until successful therapy allowed him to complete his
enthusiastically received Piano Concerto No. 2 in 1901. After the
Russian Revolution, Rachmaninoff and his family left Russia and
resided in the United States, first in New York City. Demanding
piano concert tour schedules caused his output as composer to slow
tremendously; between 1918 and 1943, he completed just six
compositions, including Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Symphony
No. 3, and Symphonic Dances. In 1942, Rachmaninoff moved to
Beverly Hills, California. One month before his death from
advanced melanoma, Rachmaninoff acquired American citizenship.
Early influences of Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Balakirev,
Mussorgsky, and other Russian composers gave way to a personal
style notable for its song-like melodicism, expressiveness and
rich orchestral colors. The piano is featured prominently in
Rachmaninoff's compositional output, and through his own skills as
a performer he explored the expressive possibilities of the
instrument. Sergei Rachmaninoff died of melanoma in Beverly Hills,
California four days before his seventieth birthday. In his will,
Rachmaninoff wished to be buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in
Moscow, where Scriabin, Taneyev, and Chekhov were buried, but his
American citizenship made that impossible. Instead, he was
interred at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Churchills 3 Part 1996 TV Miniseries MP4 Video Download 2 DVD Set
April 1, 1885: #BOTD: #HBD! Clementine
Churchill, English wife of Winston Churchill and a life peer in
her own right (d. December 12, 1977) is #born Clementine Ogilvy
Hozier in London, England. Although legally the daughter of Sir
Henry Hozier and Lady Blanche Hozier (a daughter of David Ogilvy,
10th Earl of Airlie), Clementine Ogilvy Spencer-Churchill,
Baroness Spencer-Churchill GBE's paternity is a subject of much
debate, as Lady Blanche was well known for infidelity. After Sir
Henry found Lady Blanche with a lover in 1891, she managed to
avert her husband's suit for divorce because of his own
infidelities, and thereafter the couple separated. Lady Blanche
maintained that Clementine's biological father was Capt. William
George "Bay" Middleton, a noted horseman; Mary Soames,
Clementine's youngest child, believed this. Whatever her
parentage, her relationship with Winston Churchill was a mutually
faithful one. The courtship between Clementine and Winston
Churchill was short. Having met four years earlier, they were
re-acquainted during a dinner party in 1908. There was an instant
attraction. On their first brief encounter Winston had recognised
Clementine's beauty and distinction; now, after an evening spent
in her company, he realised that here was a girl of lively
intelligence and great character. On September 12, 1908, at St.
Margaret's, Westminster, Clementine married Winston Churchill,
more than a decade older and already a seasoned Parliamentarian.
They had five children: Diana (1909-1963); Randolph (1911-1968);
Sarah (1914-1982); Marigold (1918-1921); and Mary (1922-2014). The
Churchills' marriage was close and affectionate despite the
stresses of public life. During World War I, Clementine Churchill
organised canteens for munitions workers on behalf of the Young
Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in the North East Metropolitan
Area of London, for which she was appointed a Commander of the
Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918. As the wife of a
politician who often took controversial stands, Clementine was
used to being snubbed and treated rudely by the wives of other
politicians. However, she could take only so much. Once, traveling
with Lord Moyne and his guests, the party was listening to a BBC
broadcast in which the speaker, a vehemently pro-appeasement
politician, criticised Winston by name. Vera, Lady Broughton, a
guest of Moyne, said "hear, hear" at the criticism of
Churchill. Clementine waited for her host to offer a conciliatory
word but, when none came, she stormed back to her cabin, wrote a
note to Moyne, and packed her bags. Lady Broughton came and begged
Clementine to stay, but she would accept no apologies for the
insult to her husband. She went ashore and sailed for home the
next morning. During World War II, she was Chairman of the Red
Cross Aid to Russia Fund, the President of the Young Women's
Christian Association War Time Appeal and the Chairman of
Maternity Hospital for the Wives of Officers, Fulmer Chase. While
touring Russia near the end of the war she was awarded the Order
of the Red Banner of Labour. In 1946, she was appointed a Dame
Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, becoming Dame
Clementine Churchill GBE. Later, she was awarded honorary degrees
by the University of Glasgow and the University of Oxford and in
1976, by the University of Bristol. After more than 56 years of
marriage, Clementine was widowed on January 24, 1965 when Winston
died at the age of 90. Following Sir Winston's death, on May 17,
1965 she was created a life peer as Baroness Spencer-Churchill, of
Chartwell in the County of Kent. She sat as a cross-bencher (an
independent or minor party member, taking their name from the
crossbenches, between and perpendicular to the government and
opposition benches, where crossbenchers sit in the chamber), but
her growing deafness precluded her taking a regular part in
parliamentary life. In the final few years of her life, Lady
Spencer-Churchill found that inflation and rising expenses made it
difficult to make ends meet. In early 1977 she sent five paintings
by her late husband to auction. The sale went much better than
expected and rescued her from her financial difficulties. Only
after her death was it discovered that she had destroyed the
famous Graham Sutherland portrait of her husband because Winston
had not liked it. Lady Spencer-Churchill died at her London home,
at 7 Princes Gate, Knightsbridge, of a heart attack on December
12, 1977. She was 92 years old and had outlived her husband by
almost 13 years, as well as outliving three of her five children.
She is buried with her husband and children (with the exception of
Marigold who is interred in Kensal Green Cemetery in London) at St
Martin's Church, Bladon, near Woodstock in Oxfordshire. It was a
not-uncommon remark by those who knew the couple that for all of
Winston's genius, it was Clementine who was actually the more
intelligent of the two. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Rationing
(1944) Wallace Beery, Marjorie Main DVD, Download, USB Drive
April 1, 1885: #BOTD: #HBD! Wallace
Beery, American film and stage actor, comedian, film director, and
screenwriter (d. April 15, 1949) is #born Wallace Fitzgerald Beery
in Clay County, Missouri, near Smithville. He is best known for
his portrayal of Bill in Min and Bill (1930) opposite Marie
Dressler, as Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1934), as Pancho
Villa in Viva Villa! (1934), and his titular role in The Champ
(1931), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Beery
appeared in some 250 films during a 36-year career. His contract
with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer stipulated in 1932 that he would be paid
1 USD more than any other contract player at the studio. This made
Beery the highest-paid film actor in the world during the early
1930s. He was the brother of actor Noah Beery and uncle of actor
Noah Beery Jr. For his contributions to the film industry, Beery
was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a
motion pictures star in 1960. His star is located at 7001
Hollywood Boulevard. Beery died of a heart attack at his Beverly
Hills home at the age of 64 three days after the release of his
last film Big Jack starring himself, Richard Conte and Marjorie
Main. His body was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in
Glendale, California. The inscription on his grave reads, "No
man is indispensable but some are irreplaceable." On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: WJSV Radio
Entire Broadcast Day 9/21/1939 MP3 CD, Download, USB Drive
April 1, 1891: Foundings: Business
Foundings -- The Wrigley Company, the largest manufacturer and
marketer of chewing gum in the world, is founded in Chicago,
Illinois. It is now wholly owned by Mars, Incorporated. In 1892,
Wrigley Jr. began packaging chewing gum with each can of baking
powder. The chewing gum eventually became more popular than the
baking powder and Wrigley's reoriented the company to produce the
gum. The company currently sells its products in more than 180
countries and districts, maintains operations in over 50
countries, and has 21 production facilities in 14 countries
including the United States, Mexico, Spain, the United Kingdom,
France, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, China, India, Japan,
Kenya, Taiwan, and Australia. The Wrigley Building on Michigan
Avenue is one of Chicago's best-known landmarks on the Magnificent
Mile. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Akira
Kurosawa (1979) Film Director Documentary DVD, Download, USB
April 1, 1920: #BOTD: #HBD! Toshiro
Mifune, Japanese actor and producer, winner of numerous awards and
accolades over a lengthy career, best known for starring in Akira
Kurosawa's critically-acclaimed jidaigeki films (period dramas
that take place before the Meiji Restoration) such as Rashomon
(1950), Seven Samurai (1954), Throne of Blood (1957), The Hidden
Fortress (1958) and Yojimbo (1961), as Miyamoto Musashi in Hiroshi
Inagaki's Samurai Trilogy (1954-1956), Lord Toranaga in the NBC
television miniseries Shogun, and Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto in
three different films [Admiral Yamamoto (1968), The Militarists
(1970) and Midway (1976)] widely considered one of the greatest
actors of all time (d. December 24, 1997) is #born Mifune Toshiro
in Seito, Japanese-occupied Shandong (present-day Qingdao, China),
the eldest son of Tokuzo Mifune, a trade merchant and photographer
who ran a photography business in Qingdao and Yingkou, and Sen
Mifune, the daughter of a hatamoto, a high-ranking samurai
official; both of his parents were working as Methodist
missionaries, and were among the Japanese citizens encouraged to
live in Shandong by the Japanese government during its occupation
of China, before the Republic of China took over the city in 1922.
After spending the first 19 years of his life in China as a
Japanese citizen, he was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army
Aviation division, where he served in the Aerial Photography unit
during World War II. In 1947, a large number of Toho actors, after
a prolonged strike, had left to form their own company, Shin Toho.
Toho then organized a "new faces" contest to find new
talent. Nenji Oyama, a friend of Mifune's who worked for the
Photography Department of Toho Productions, sent Mifune's resume
to the New Faces audition as the Photography Department was full,
telling Mifune he could later transfer to the Photography
Department if he wished. He was accepted, along with 48 others
(out of roughly 4,000 applicants), and allowed to take a screen
test for Kajiro Yamamoto. Instructed to mime anger, he drew from
his wartime experiences. Yamamoto took a liking to Mifune,
recommending him to director Senkichi Taniguchi. This led to
Mifune's first feature role, in Shin Baka Jidai. Mifune first
encountered director Akira Kurosawa when Toho Studios, the largest
film production company in Japan, was conducting a massive talent
search, during which hundreds of aspiring actors auditioned before
a team of judges. Kurosawa was originally going to skip the event,
but showed up when Hideko Takamine told him of one actor who
seemed especially promising. Kurosawa later wrote that he entered
the audition to see "a young man reeling around the room in a
violent frenzy... it was as frightening as watching a wounded
beast trying to break loose. I was transfixed." When Mifune,
exhausted, finished his scene, he sat down and gave the judges an
ominous stare. He lost the competition but Kurosawa was impressed.
"I am a person rarely impressed by actors," he later
said. "But in the case of Mifune I was completely
overwhelmed." Mifune immersed himself into the six-month
training and diligently applied himself to studying acting,
although at first he still hoped to be transferred to the camera
department. His imposing bearing, acting range, facility with
foreign languages and lengthy partnership with acclaimed director
Akira Kurosawa made him the most famous Japanese actor of his
time, and easily the best known to Western audiences. He often
portrayed samurai or ronin who were usually coarse and gruff
(Kurosawa once explained that the only weakness he could find with
Mifune and his acting ability was his "rough" voice),
inverting the popular stereotype of the genteel, clean-cut
samurai. In Kurosawa's Something Like an Autobiography (1981), he
wrote: "Mifune had a kind of talent I had never encountered
before in the Japanese film world. It was, above all, the speed
with which he expressed himself that was astounding. The ordinary
Japanese actor might need ten feet of film to get across an
impression; Mifune needed only three. The speed of his movements
was such that he said in a single action what took ordinary actors
three separate movements to express. He put forth everything
directly and boldly, and his sense of timing was the keenest I had
ever seen in a Japanese actor. And yet with all his quickness, he
also had surprisingly fine sensibilities." Of Akira Kurosawa,
Toshiro Mifune said, "I have never as an actor done anything
that I am proud of other than with him". Of his acting
career, Mifune said "Since I came into the industry very
inexperienced, I don't have any theory of acting. I just had to
play my roles my way", and "Generally speaking, most
East-West stories have been a series of cliches. I, for one, have
no desire to retell Madame Butterfly". On December 24, 1997,
he died in Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan of multiple organ failure at the
age of 77. He is buried at the Mifune family tomb in Kawasaki,
Kanagawa, Japan. Mifune won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor twice, in
1961 and 1965. He was awarded the Medal of Honor with Purple
Ribbon in 1986 and the Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1993. In
1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International
Film Festival. In 1977, he was a member of the jury at the 10th
Moscow International Film Festival. On November 14, 2016, nineteen
years after he died, Mifune received a star on the Hollywood Walk
of Fame for his work in the motion picture industry. On Sale @ 15%
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Boys Of
The City (1940) East Side Kids DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
April 1, 1923: #BOTD: #HBD! Bobby Jordan,
American actor, most notable for being a member of the Dead End
Kids, the East Side Kids, and The Bowery Boys (d. September 10,
1965) is #born Robert G. Jordan in Harrison, New York. Jordan was
a talented toddler and could sing, tap dance, and play the
saxophone by the time he was six years old. At the age of four, he
was working in an early film version of A Christmas Carol. His
mother took him to talent shows in and around Harrison, New York.
He also modeled for newspaper and magazine advertisements and
appeared in short films and radio programs. In the late 1920s, his
family moved to the upper west side of Manhattan. In 1929, he was
cast as Charles Hildebrand in the 1929 Broadway play, Street
Scene. Though he was the youngest, Jordan was the first of the
boys who made up the Dead End Kids to work in films with a role in
a 1933 Universal short. In 1935, he became one of the original
Dead End Kids by winning the role of Angel in Sydney Kingsley's
Broadway drama Dead End about life in the slums of the east side
of New York City. The play was performed at the Belasco Theatre
and ran for three years with over 600 performances. He appeared
for the first season and the beginning of the second but left in
mid-November 1936. He returned in time to join the others in 1937
in Hollywood, California to make the movie version of the play,
starring big names such as Humphrey Bogart, Joel McCrea, Sylvia
Sidney, and Claire Trevor. Following the making of Dead End,
Jordan found himself "released" from his contract at
Goldwyn, and, subsequently, he appeared at Warner Brothers with
the rest of the Dead End Kids. After one year, Warners released
most of them, but kept Leo Gorcey and Jordan as solo performers.
Jordan appeared (as "Douglas Fairbanks Rosenbloom") in
Warner's Damon Runyon comedy A Slight Case of Murder (1938) and at
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Young Tom Edison (1940). In 1940, Jordan
appeared in the film Military Academy and accepted an offer from
producer Sam Katzman to star in a new tough-kid series called "The
East Side Kids." Leo Gorcey soon joined him, then Huntz Hall,
and the trio continued to lead the series through 1943, when
Jordan entered the United States Army during World War II as a
foot soldier in the 97th Infantry Division. He was subsequently
involved in an elevator accident that forced him to have surgery
to remove his right kneecap. When Jordan returned to films in
1945, he found that his former gang-mates Gorcey and Hall were
obtaining the lion's share of both the content and the salary for
the new Bowery Boys film series. Dissatisfied with his background
status, he left the series after eight entries, and made only a
few films thereafter. On July 1, 1957, Jordan played Bob Ford, the
assailant of Jesse James, in the Dale Robertson television series,
Tales of Wells Fargo. The episode ends some two months before Ford
assassinated James in the latter's residence in St. Joseph,
Missouri. Hugh Beaumont appeared in the episode as Jesse James. In
subsequent years, Jordan worked as a bartender, a bad choice for
him considering his alcoholism. He worked to support his family as
a door-to-door photograph salesman and as a roughneck for an oil
driller. In 1957, Jordan and his wife divorced. On August 25,
1965, he entered the Veterans Hospital in Sawtelle, California,
for treatment of cirrhosis of the liver. He died on September 10,
1965, at the age of 42. His former Dead End Kid and East Side Kid
co-star, Leo Gorcey once observed, "Bobby Jordan must not
have had a guardian angel." He is buried at Los Angeles
National Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. One of his last
performances was in a Bonanza episode, "The Many Faces of
Gideon Flinch", where he played one of Bullet Head Burke's
right hand men. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Crimes
Of Adolf Hitler Das Leben Von Adolf Hitler 1961 DVD MP4 USB
April 1, 1924: The Interwar Period (The
Interbellum, Between The Wars): Political Violence In Germany
(1918-1933): The Beer Hall Putsch (The Munich Putsch, The Hitler
Putsch, The Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch) (German: Der Hitlerputsch,
Der Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch): The Trial And Imprisonment Of Adolf
Hitler: -- Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years imprisonment
for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch" but
spends only nine months in jail. Aso known as the Munich Putsch,
and, in German, as the Hitlerputsch, Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch,
Burgerbrau-Putsch or mostly Marsch auf die Feldherrnhalle (March
on the Feldherrnhalle), was a failed coup attempt by the Nazi
Party leader Adolf Hitler, along with Generalquartiermeister Erich
Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders, to seize power in Munich,
Bavaria, during 8-9 November 1923. About two thousand Nazis
marched to the centre of Munich, where they confronted the police,
which resulted in the death of 16 Nazis and four police officers.
Hitler himself was not wounded during the clash, although he
locked his left arm with the right arm of Max Erwin von
Scheubner-Richter who, when he was shot and killed, pulled Hitler
to the pavement with him. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was
spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, Hitler
was arrested and charged with treason. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Hollywood
Without Make-Up: Film Star Home Movies DVD MP4 Download USB
April 1, 1932: #BOTD: #HBD! Debbie
Reynolds, American actress, singer, dancer, businesswoman and
beauty (d. December 28, 2016) is #born Mary Frances Reynolds in El
Paso, Texas. Her career spanned almost 70 years. She was nominated
for the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her
portrayal of Helen Kane in the 1950 film Three Little Words. Her
breakout role was her first leading role, as Kathy Selden in
Singin' in the Rain (1952). Her other successes include The
Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953), Susan Slept Here (1954), Bundle of
Joy (1956 Golden Globe nomination), The Catered Affair (1956
National Board of Review Best Supporting Actress Winner), and
Tammy and the Bachelor (1957), in which her performance of the
song "Tammy" reached number one on the Billboard music
charts. In 1959, she released her first pop music album, titled
Debbie. She starred in Singin' in the Rain (1952), How the West
Was Won (1962), and The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964), a
biographical film about the famously boisterous Molly Brown. Her
performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award
for Best Actress. Her other films include The Singing Nun (1966),
Divorce American Style (1967), What's the Matter with Helen?
(1971), Charlotte's Web (1973), Mother (1996) (Golden Globe
nomination), and In & Out (1997). Reynolds was also a cabaret
performer. In 1979, she founded the Debbie Reynolds Dance Studio
in North Hollywood, which was demolished in 2019 after being sold
at auction, despite efforts to turn it into a museum. In 1969, she
starred on television in The Debbie Reynolds Show, for which she
received a Golden Globe nomination. In 1973, Reynolds starred in a
Broadway revival of the musical Irene and was nominated for the
Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical. She was also
nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her performance in A Gift
of Love (1999) and an Emmy Award for playing Grace's mother Bobbi
on Will & Grace. At the turn of the millennium, Reynolds
reached a new, younger generation with her role as Aggie Cromwell
in Disney's Halloweentown series. In 1988, she released her
autobiography, titled Debbie: My Life. In 2013, she released a
second autobiography, Unsinkable: A Memoir. Reynolds also had
several business ventures, including ownership of a dance studio
and a Las Vegas hotel and casino, and she was an avid collector of
film memorabilia, beginning with items purchased at the landmark
1970 MGM auction. She served as president of The Thalians, an
organization dedicated to mental-health causes. Reynolds continued
to perform successfully on stage, television, and film into her
80s. In January 2015, Reynolds received the Screen Actors Guild
Life Achievement Award. In 2016, she received the Jean Hersholt
Humanitarian Award. Debbie Reynolds died of a hemorrhagic stroke
one day after the death of her daughter, fellow actress Carrie
Fisher. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Longest Hatred: Antisemitism & Jewish Persecution DVD, MP4,
USB
April 1, 1933: The Interwar Period (The
Aftermath Of World War I, The Interbellum, Between The Wars): The
Road To War: Nazi Germany (The German Reich, The Third Reich):
Gleichschaltung (German: "Coordination", effectively
meaning "Nazification"): The March 1933 German Federal
Election: Pogroms: The History Of The Jews In Germany: Jewish
Pogroms: Jewish Boycotts: Jewish Pogroms In Germany: Jewish
Pogroms In Nazi Germany: Jewish Boycotts In Nazi Germany: -- The
recently elected Nazis, under the direction of new deputy of the
Reichstag Julius Streicher, organize a one-day boycott of all
Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in a series of
anti-Semitic and racial acts known as The Nuremberg Laws, enacted
in Nazi Germany on September 15, 1935 at a special meeting of the
Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi
Party. In April 1933, after Nazi control of the German state
apparatus gave the Gauleiters enormous power, Streicher, whose
nicknames among his enemies were "The King Of Nuremberg",
"The Beast Of Franconia", and because of his role as
Gauleiter of Franconia, "Frankenfuehrer", organised the
one-day boycott of Jewish businesses as a dress-rehearsal for
other antisemitic commercial measures. As he consolidated his hold
on power, he came to more or less rule the city of Nuremberg and
his Gau Franken, and boasted that every Jew had been removed from
Hersbruck. Streicher was the founder and publisher of the
anti-Semitic newspaper Der Sturmer, which became a central element
of the Nazi propaganda machine. His publishing firm also released
three anti-Semitic books for children, including the 1938 Der
Giftpilz (translated into English as The Toadstool or The
Poisonous Mushroom), one of the most widespread pieces of
propaganda, which warned about the supposed dangers Jews posed by
using the metaphor of an attractive yet deadly mushroom. The
publishing firm was financially very successful and made Streicher
a multi-millionaire. After falling out with Hermann Goring in
1939, Streicher was declared unfit for leadership by a Nazi Party
Court and stripped of his party posts, although he continued to
publish Der Sturmer, which was not an official publication of the
Party. After the war, Streicher was convicted of crimes against
humanity and executed. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: DJ
Madness! 1950s-60s-70s Radio Shows DVD, MP3 Download, USB Drive
April 1, 1936: #BOTD: #HBD! The Real Don
Steele, one of the most popular disc jockeys in the United States,
from the middle of the 1960s until his retirement (for health
reasons) in May 1997 (d. August 5, 1997) is #born Donald Steele
Revert in Hollywood, California. He was known as "The Real
Don Steele," a name given to him by his program director,
Steve Brown, in Omaha, Nebraska, who hoped the moniker would click
with listeners and make him stand out from other radio
personalities. Steele became nationally-known as a DJ on radio
station KHJ in Los Angeles, where he helped to promote the
"ultrahip" top-40 Boss Radio format which began at 3pm
on April 27, 1965. He also appeared on TV as host Boss City and
The Real Don Steele TV Show, a show which ran from 1965 to 1975 on
KHJ-TV channel 9 in Los Angeles. When the popularity of AM radio
gave way to FM stereo in the 1970s, Steele continued to remain a
popular personality at the station. Following the years at 93/KHJ,
The Real Don Steele continued to be heard on Los Angeles radio
stations, including KIQQ (K-100), KRLA, KCBS-FM and KRTH-FM
(K-Earth 101), until his death in August 1997. In the book Los
Angeles Radio People, Steele recalled the beginnings of Boss Radio
in 1965: "We were standing literally at ground zero, then
(the radio format) became a huge giant. It was like a mushroom
cloud that went up -- heavy on the mushroom.". Steele also
gained additional notoriety due to an ill-fated promotion which
KHJ undertook on behalf of his show during the summer of 1970. The
promotion was dubbed a "Super Summer Spectacular" and
involved Steele driving around the Los Angeles-area in a flashy
red car. Throughout the day, KHJ would broadcast clues about
Steele's location, and listeners who successfully tracked him down
would receive cash prizes of about 25 USD. On July 16, 1970, two
teenagers attempting to track Steele by car at speeds of roughly
80 miles per hour forced another car into a highway center
divider, causing the death of Ronald Weirum. Weirum's family sued
various parties, including KHJ, asserting that the tragedy was a
foreseeable consequence of the recklessness inherent to the nature
of the "Super Summer Spectacular" promotion. The
family's lawsuit eventually reached the Supreme Court of
California, which held for the plaintiffs. The Court's opinion in
the case, Weirum v. RKO General, Inc., 15 Cal.3d 40 (1975) has
since become a well-known holding on the subject of foreseeability
in torts law, and is often studied in American law schools. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Charlie Chaplin Carnival, Festival & Cavalcade DVD, MP4, USB
Drive
April 1, 1941: Premieres: Film Premieres:
American Film Premieres: -- Charlie Chaplin Festival, a 1938
compilation film with sound of silent movie shorts Chaplin made
with the Mutual Film Corporation, is released in the United
States. Charlie Chaplin composed added a musical score and added
sound effects to this compilation of his Mutual shorts "The
Adventurer", "The Cure", "Easy Street"
and "The Immigrant", and retitled them "Immigrant /
The Derelict / The Inebriate / The Convict". On Sale @ 15%
Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: G.I. Diary
(1978) Color WWII TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
April 1, 1945: World War II: The Pacific
War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Pacific Theater Of World War II):
The Pacific Ocean Theater Of World War II: The Volcano And Ryukyu
Islands Campaign: The Battle Of Okinawa (Operation Iceberg): --
The Tenth United States Army invades Okinawa and attacks the
Thirty-Second Japanese Army in the largest amphibious assault in
the Pacific Theater of World War II, beginning The Battle Of
Okinawa, codenamed Operation Iceberg. The Battle Of Okinawa was a
major battle of the Pacific War fought by United States Marine and
Army forces against the Imperial Japanese Army. The 82-day battle
lasted from April 1 until June 22, 1945. After a long campaign of
island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Okinawa, a large
island only 340 mi (550 km) away from mainland Japan, as a base
for air operations for the planned invasion of the Japanese home
islands. The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch
force consisting of the 7th, 27th, 77th, and 96th infantry
divisions of the US Army with the 1st, 2nd, and 6th divisions of
the Marine Corps, to fight on the island. The Tenth was unique in
that it had its own tactical air force (joint Army-Marine
command), and was also supported by combined naval and amphibious
forces. The battle has been referred to as the "typhoon of
steel" in English, and tetsu no ame ("rain of steel")
or tetsu no bofu ("violent wind of steel") in Japanese.
The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity
of Japanese kamikaze attacks, and the sheer numbers of Allied
ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island. The battle
was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific, with approximately
160,000+ casualties on both sides: at least 75,682 Allied and
84,166-117,000 Japanese, including drafted Okinawans wearing
Japanese uniforms. 149,425 Okinawans were killed, committed
suicide or went missing, a significant proportion of the estimated
pre-war 300,000 local population. In the naval operations
surrounding the battle, both sides lost considerable numbers of
ships and aircraft, including the Japanese battleship Yamato.
After the battle, Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop
staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan in preparation
for the planned invasion. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: It Was
Twenty Years Ago Today: 1967 & Sgt. Pepper DVD MP4 USB Drive
April 1, 1946: #BOTD: #HBD! Ronnie Lane,
English bass player, songwriter, and producer, best known as the
bass guitarist and founding member of two prominent English rock
and roll bands: Small Faces (1965-69) and subsequently Faces
(1969-73), nicknamed "Plonk" with Small Faces and
"Three-Piece" with Faces (d. June 4, 1997) is #born
Ronald Frederick Lane in Plaistow Maternity Hospital, Plaistow,
then a working-class area in East London, England. After Lane quit
Faces in 1973, he collaborated with other musicians, leading his
own bands and pursuing a solo career, while remaining close to his
former bandmates. In 1977, he was diagnosed with multiple
sclerosis. He was supported by charity projects and financial
contributions from friends, former bandmates and fans. Ronnie Lane
died of pneumonia in the final stages of 21 years of multiple
sclerosis at his home in Trinidad, Colorado at the age of 51. He
is buried at The Masonic Cemetery in Trinidad, Colorado; there is
no publicly available evidence that he was a Freemason. For his
work in both Small Faces and Faces, Lane was inducted posthumously
into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame in 2012. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Films: Japanese Internment Films About Japan MP4 Download DVD Set
April 1, 1949: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): World War II: The Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific
War): The History Of Asian Canadians: The History Of Japanese
Canadians: The Internment Of Japanese Canadians: -- After seven
years, and nearly four years after the end of The Pacific War, The
Government Of Canada repeals Japanese-Canadian Internment, which
occurred when the Canadian government removed all of the Japanese
Canadians from the British Columbia coast following the Japanese
invasion of Hong Kong, invasion of Malaya, attack on Pearl Harbor,
and the subsequent Canadian declaration of war on Japan during
World War II. This forced relocation subjected many Japanese
Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job
and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan. Beginning
after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and lasting
until 1949 (four years after World War II had ended), Canadians of
Japanese heritage were removed from their homes and businesses and
sent to internment camps in the B.C. interior, and to farms and
internment camps across Canada. The Canadian government shut down
all Japanese-language newspapers, took possession of businesses
and personal property. In order to fund internment, property
belonging to Japanese Canadians was sold, including fishing boats,
motor vehicles, houses, and personal belongings. In August 1944,
Prime Minister Mackenzie King announced that Japanese Canadians
were to move east out of B.C. The official policy stated that
Japanese Canadians must move east of the Rocky Mountains or be
repatriated to Japan following the end of the war. However, by
1947 many Japanese Canadians had been granted exemption to this
enforced no-entry zone, but it was not until April 1, 1949 that
Japanese Canadians were granted freedom of movement and could
re-enter the "protected zone" along B.C.'s coast. On
September 22, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney delivered an
apology, and the Canadian government announced a compensation
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April 1, 1955: Finales: Television
Finales: -- Captain Video And His Video Rangers, the iconic
American science fiction television series that aired on the
DuMont Television Network and was the first series of its genre on
American television, broadcasts its last episode. The series aired
between June 27, 1949, and April 1, 1955, originally on Monday
through Saturday at 7 p.m. ET, and then Monday through Friday at 7
p.m. ET. A separate 30-minute spinoff series called The Secret
Files of Captain Video aired Saturday mornings, alternating with
Tom Corbett, Space Cadet, from September 5, 1953, to May 29, 1954,
a total of 20 episodes. Researcher Alan Morton estimates there
were a total of 1,537 episodes (not counting the 20 Saturday
morning episodes), although few of them exist after the
destruction of the original broadcasts, which was commonplace at
that time. Sponsors included Post Cereals, Skippy Peanut Butter,
DuMont-brand television sets, and Peter Paul's PowerHouse candy
bars. Premiums sold via the show included a flying saucer ring, a
"secret seal" ring, cast photos, electronic goggles, a
"secret ray gun", a rocket ship key chain, decoders,
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Race
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April 1, 1960: Rocket Launches: The
History Of Broadcasting: The History Of Television Broadcasting:
Television Broadcasting Firsts: The History Of Spaceflight: The
Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Spage Age: The Space
Race: The United States Space Program: Earth Satellites: Weather
Satellites (Meteorological Satellites): Television Infrared
Observation Satellites (TIROS): TIROS-1 (TIROS-A, TIROS-I): -- The
TIROS-1 satellite transmits the first television picture from
space shortly after being launched at 11:40:09 GMT from Cape
Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17 (LC-17A, now called SLC-17) atop
a Thor DM 18-Able II (Thor-Able) rocket launch vehicle. TIROS-1
was the first full-scale weather satellite (the Vanguard 2
satellite was the first experimental/prototype weather satellite),
the first of a series of TIROS (Television Infrared Observation
Satellites) early weather satellites launched by the United States
placed in low Earth orbit. TIROS-1 performed normally from launch
until June 15, 1960, when an electrical power failure prevented
further useful TV transmission. Over its over six-week lifespan,
TIROS 1 returned 23,000 photos of the Earth, 19,000 of them usable
for weather analysis. For the first time, it was possible to view
large scale cloud patterns in their totality, and from this,
identify storm regions. The satellite provided the first long-term
observations of a developing storm from orbit, tracking the
disintegration of a large cyclonic mass off the coast of Bermuda
over the course of four days. In addition, TIROS 1 returned data
on smaller scale structures such as tornadoes and jet streams, and
findings returned from the satellite complemented and enhanced
ground-based findings. TIROS satellites were the first satellites
that was capable of remote sensing of the Earth, and as such were
NASA's first experimental step towards enabling scientists to view
the Earth from a new perspective: space. TIROS is the plural of
"tiro" which in Latin means "a young soldier, a
beginner", and as such reflects TIRO's status as the first
satellite series of its kind. At that time, the effectiveness of
satellite observations was still unproven. Since satellites were a
new technology, the TIROS Program also tested various design
issues for spacecraft: instruments, data and operational
parameters. TIROS demonstrated at that time that "the key to
genius is often simplicity." The goal of TIROS was to improve
satellite applications for Earth-bound decisions, such as "should
we evacuate the coast because of the hurricane?".
Accordingly, the TIROS-1 Program's first priority was the
development of a meteorological satellite information system.
Weather forecasting was deemed the most promising application of
space-based observations. The program, promoted by Harry Wexler,
proved the usefulness of satellite weather observation, at a time
when military reconnaissance satellites were secretly in
development or use. TIROS 1 was an 18-sided right prism, 107
centimetres (42 in) across opposite corners and 56 centimetres (22
in) high. Spacecraft power was supplied by approximately 9000 1
centimetre (0.39 in)- by 2 centimetres (0.79 in) silicon solar
cells mounted on the cover assembly and by 21 nickel-cadmium
batteries. A single monopole antenna for reception of ground
commands extended out from the top of the cover assembly. A pair
of crossed-dipole antennas (235 MHz) for transmission projected
down and diagonally out from the baseplate. Mounted around the
edge of the baseplate were five diametrically opposed pairs of
small, solid-fuel thrusters that maintained the satellite spin
rate between 8 and 12 rpm. The satellite was equipped with two
1.27 centimetres (0.50 in)-diameter vidicon TV cameras, one wide
angle and one narrow angle, for taking earth cloud cover pictures.
The pictures were transmitted directly to a ground receiving
station or were stored in a tape recorder on board for later
playback, depending on whether the satellite was within or beyond
the communication range of the station. The satellite was
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: America
Held Hostage: As It Happened The Iran Hostage Crisis MP4 DVD
April 1, 1979: The Aftermath Of World War
II: The Cold War: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The
Iranian Revolution: The 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic Referendum
(A Referendum On Creating An Islamic Republic): Iranian Islamic
Republic Day (Persian: Ruz E Jomhuri Ye Eslami): -- Iran becomes
an Islamic republic when according to "official results",
a March 30-31 referendum on the matter was approved by 98.2% of
eligible citizens, officially overthrowing the Shah; Ayatollah
Khomeini did not allow an open referendum, insisting that the
Iranian population had chosen an "Islamic Republic"
already by demonstrating against the Shah. In response, political
parties such as the National Democratic Front and the Fadaiyan
Khalgh boycotted the referendum, while The Mojahedin Khalgh, The
Tudeh Party, The Liberation Movement, The National Front, and The
Islamic People's Republican Party "objected to the imposition
of Khomeini's choice". In order to include the Iranian youth
who participated in the revolution, the voting age was lowered
from 18 to 16. Following this, The Persian Constitution Of 1906
was declared invalid, and a new constitution for an Islamic state,
The Constitution Of The Islamic Republic Of Iran, was created and
ratified by The 1979 Iranian Constitutional Referendum of December
2-3, 1979. The Iranian Revolution (Persian: Enqelabe Iran, locally
known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution, was a
series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi
dynasty under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the replacement of
his government with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini, a leader of one of the factions in the revolt.
The revolution was supported by various Islamist and leftist
organizations and student movements. Demonstrations against the
Shah commenced in October 1977, developing into a campaign of
civil resistance that included both secular and religious
elements. The protests rapidly intensified in 1978 as a result of
the burning of Rex Cinema which was seen as the trigger of the
Revolution, and between August and December that year, strikes and
demonstrations paralyzed the country. The Shah left Iran in exile
on January 16, 1979, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his
duties to a regency council and Shapour Bakhtiar, who was an
opposition-based prime minister. Ayatollah Khomeini was invited
back to Iran by the government, and returned to Tehran to a
greeting by several thousand Iranians. The royal reign collapsed
shortly after, on February 11, when guerrillas and rebel troops
overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting,
bringing Khomeini to official power. Iran voted by national
referendum to become an Islamic republic on April 1, 1979 and to
formulate and approve a new theocratic-republican constitution
whereby Khomeini became supreme leader of the country in December
1979. The revolution was unusual for the surprise it created
throughout the world. It lacked many of the customary causes of
revolution (defeat in war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion,
or disgruntled military); occurred in a nation that was
experiencing relative prosperity; produced profound change at
great speed; was massively popular; resulted in the exile of many
Iranians; and replaced a pro-Western authoritarian monarchy with
an anti-Western theocracy based on the concept of velayat-e faqih
(Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists). It was a relatively
nonviolent revolution, and it helped to redefine the meaning and
practice of modern revolutions (although there was violence in its
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